eginning in the 1880s, the scientifi c management era brought about widespread changes in the management of the factories that had been created at an explosive rate during the Industrial Revolution. The movement was spearheaded by an effi ciency engineer and inventor, Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is regarded as the father of modern scientifi c management. Taylor proposed a “s cience of management ” based on observation, measurement, analysis, and improvement of work methods, along with economic incentives. He also believed that management’ s tasks are to plan, carefully select and train workers, fi nd the best way to perform each job, achieve cooperation between management and workers, and separate management activities from work activities.