The group of diseases with which this Manual deals – cancers of the prostate, testis, penis, kidney and bladder – account for 16.5% of all new cases of cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and 11.7% of cancer deaths.1,2 Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer among men of all ages; testicular cancer, although relatively infrequent, is nevertheless the most common cancer in men under 45 years of age. Cancer of the penis, by contrast, is rare. Cancers of the kidney and bladder may develop in people of either sex but are roughly twice as common among mean