AbstractThe last decade has introduced a new era of epide-miologic studies of low-dose radiation facilitated by electronic record linkage and pooling of cohorts that allow for more direct and powerful assessments of cancer and other stochastic effects at doses below 100 mGy. Such studies have provided additional evidence regarding the risks of cancer, particularly leukemia, associated with lower-dose radiation exposures from medical, environmental, and occupational radiation sources, and have questioned the previous findings with re-gard to possible thresholds for cardiovascular disease and cat-aracts. Integrated analysis of next generation genomic and epigenetic sequencing of germline and somatic tissues could soon propel our understanding further regarding disease risk thresholds, radiosensitivity of population subgroups and indi-viduals, and the mechanisms ofradiation carcinogenesis. These advances in low-dose radiation epidemiology are criti-cal to our understanding of chronic disease risks from the burgeoning use of newer and emergingmedical imaging tech-nologies, and the continued potential threat of nuclear power plant accidents or other radiological emergencies.