AbstractWhen a comprehensive report on BPA was published in 2008, few data were available to assess the extent to which known poor glucuronidation capac-ity impacts BPA internal dose in infants and young children. In this paper, evidence that has emerged since the 2008 report is summarized, including: 1) human biomarker studies in children aged 0–5years;2)animal studies of neonatal toxicokinetics; and 3) physically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. To address lim-itations in these studies, we recommend more human biomonitoring studies in children aged 0–5 years in which unmetabolized (free) BPA and BPA metabolites are separately quantified and detailed quality-control data are reported, investigation of metabolic differences between humans and animal species used for the study of BPA metabolism, and enzyme ontogeny studies, which along with biomonitoring studies would reduce uncertainty in PBPK models of early-life BPA
metabolism. KeywordsEarly life.Metabolism.Bisphenol A.BPA. Chemicals.Toxicity. Toxicokinetics.Exposure