Pediatric anesthesia involves patients ranging from preterm infants to teenagers, and these groups require different anesthetic equipment and techniques. Successful and safe anesthetic management in pediatric patients depends on an appreciation and clear understanding of the physiological, anatomic, pharmacological and psychological differences among the pediatric age groups and between pediatric and adult patients. Changes in the airways, cardiovascular system, renal function, central and autonomic nervous system, gastrointestinal system and thermoregulation that take place during development make anesthetic management different and extremely challenging. Pediatric anesthesia management requires an understanding and knowledge of the differences and characteristics unique to the child and infant. and children have unique anatomic, physiological, pharmacological, and psychological issues relating to management