AbstractEngineered nanomaterials (ENM) are anthropogen-ic materials with at least one dimension less than 100 nm. Their ubiquitous employment in biomedical and industrial applications in the absence of full toxicological assessments raises significant concerns over their safety on human health. This is a significant concern, especially for metal and metal oxide ENM as they may possess the greatest potential to im-pair human health. A large body of literature has developed that reflects adverse systemic effects associated with exposure to these materials, but an integrated mechanistic framework for howENMexposure influences morbidity remains elusive. This may be due in large part to the tremendous diversity of existing ENMand the rate at which novel ENMare produced. In this review, the influence of specific ENMphysicochemical characteristics and hemodynamic factors on cardiovascular toxicity is discussed. Additionally, the toxicity of metallic and metal oxide ENM is presented in the context of the cardiovascular system and its discrete anatomical and func-tional components. Finally, future directions and understudied topics are presented. While it is clear that the nanotechnology boom has increased our interest in ENM toxicity, it is also evident that the field of cardiovascular nanotoxicology re-mains in its infancy and continued, expansive research is nec-essary in order to determine the mechanisms via which ENM exposure contributes to cardiovascular morbidity. Keywords Engineerednanomaterials. Metal. Metal oxides. Cardiovascular system.Microcirculation