AbstractDespite exhibiting functional impairments in a number of key domains, children with attention-deficit hyper-activity disorder (ADHD) tend to overestimate their own com-petence more than their peers without ADHD. In this review, we describe the evidence in support of a self-enhancement bias (SEB) in children with ADHD and factors that are asso-ciated with the presence of this bias. We discuss possible ex-planations for a SEB and the extent to which these inaccurate self-appraisals are adaptive or impairing. We conclude with implications for practice and further research. There is consid-erable evidence that the SEB exists in a substantial proportion of children with ADHD in several domains and likely persists into adolescence and adulthood. In treatment, clinicians may need to determine if any observed SEB is adaptive ormaladap-tive for the individual and act accordingly. Keywords ADHD. Positive illusorybias. Self-enhancement bias.SEB. Self-perceptions. Developmental disorders. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders.Review