Abstract This review explores the aetiology of temporomandibular disorders and discusses the
controversies in variable treatment modalities. Pathologies of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its' associated muscles of mastication are jointly termed temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) TMDs present with a variety of symptoms which include pain in the joint and its surrounding area, jaw clicking, limited jaw opening and headaches. It is mainly reported by middle aged females who
tend to recognize the symptoms more readily than males and therefore more commonly seek professional help. Several aetiological factors have been acknowledged including local trauma, bruxism, malocclusion stress and psychiatric illnesses. The Research Diagnostic Criteria of th Temporomandibula Disorders (RDC/TMD) is advanced to other criteria as it takes into consideration the sociopsychologica status of the patient Several treatment modalities have been recommended including homecare practices, splin therapy, occlusal adjustment, analgesics and the use of psychotropic medication; as well as surgery supplementary therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy. Although splint therapy and occlusal
adjustment have been extensively used, there is no evidence to suggest that they can be curative;
a number of evidence-based trials have concluded that these appliances should not be suggested as
part of the routine care Surgery, except in very rare cases, is discouraged since it is the most invasive alternative; recen studies have shown healthier outcome with cognitive behavioural therapy